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Gramophone - Phonograph, Emile BerlinerGramophone - Phonograph, Emile
Berliner Emile Berliner (May 20, 18521 – August 3, 1929) was a German -born American
inventor, best known for developing the disc record gramophone (phonograph in American English). Born in Hanover, Germany, Emile
Berliner immigrated to the United States of America in 1870, where he
established himself in Washington D.C. After some time working in a livery
stable, he became interested in the new audio technology of the telephone and
phonograph, and invented an improved telephone transmitter (one of the first
type of microphones) which was acquired by the Bell Telephone Company. Berliner
subsequent Emile Berliner became a United
States citizen in 1881. In 1886 Berliner began experimenting
with methods of sound recording. He was granted his first patent for what he
called the gramophone in 1887. The
first gramophones recorded sound using horizontal modulation on a cylinder
coated with a low resistance material such as lamp black, subsequently fixed
with varnish and then copied by photoengraving on a metal playback cylinder.
This was similar to the method employed by Edison’s machines. The inventor of the record disc In 1888 Berliner invented a simpler
way to record sound by using discs. Within a few years he was successfully
market A problem with early gramophones was
getting the turntable to rotate at a steady speed during playback of a disc.
Engineer Eldridge R. Johnson helped solve this problem by designing a
clock-work spring-wound motor. In 1901 Berliner and Johnson teamed up to found
the Victor Talking Machine Company. Berliner went on to found The Gramphone Company in London, Enland,
in 1897, Deutsche Grammophon in
Hanover , Germany, in 1898 and Berliner
Gramo-o-ph Berliner Gramophone (also known as E. Berliner's Gramophone) was an early record label, the first
company to produce disc "gramophone records" (as opposed to the
earlier phonograph cylinder records). Emile Berliner started marketing his disc
records in 1889. These records were five inches in diameter, and offered only
in Europe. At first, the use of his disc records was leased to various toy
companies, which made toy phonographs or gramophones to play them on; the audio
fidelity of these earliest discs was well below that of contemporary phonograph
cylinder Deutsche
Grammophon In 1898 Berliner started a German branch of
the Gramophone Company in Hanover, Berliner’s birthplace. The company produced
his disc records under the brand Deutsche
Grammophon The German company had business relations
with the U.S. Victor Talking Machine
Company and the British Gramophone
Company In 1941 Deutsche
Grammophon In 1945 as part of Germany's surrender terms
ending World War II, Deutsche Grammophon
forfeit The
Gramophone Company In 1897 Berliner opened up a United Kingdom
branch in London. The company was founded and owned by William Barry Owen and Trevor
Williams. They were the UK partners of Berliner’s US operation. The UK Gramophone Company, was one of the
early recording companies, and was the parent organization for the famous
"His Master's Voice" label.
In December 1900 William Owen gained the manufacturing rights for the Lambert Typewriter Company and The Gramophone Company was for a few
years renamed Gramophone & Typewriter Ltd. Although the company was merged with another
in 1931 to form Electric and Musical
Industries Limited (EMI), the company title as "The Gramophone Company Limited" continued in use in Britain
into the 1970s. United States Gramophone Company In 1892 Berliner incorporated the United
States Gramophone Company in Washington D.C. This company offered
the first disc records (now seven inches in diameter and no longer intended as
a toy. In 1900 the United States Gramophone
Company From one day to the next, Eldridge R. Johnson,
who was the manufacturer of the talking machine for Berliner’s Gramophone Company, was being left with
a large factory and thousands of talking machines with no records to play on
them. Johnson immediately filed suit to be permitted to make records himself.
He won, in spite of the negative verdict against Berliner. Because of this victory Johnson named his new
record company the Victor Talking Machine
Company. It is likely that Johnson victory was in part due to a
patent-pooling handshake agreement with Columbia
that allowed the latter to begin producing flat records themselves (all Columbia records had previously been
cylinders). Contrary to some sources, the Victor Talking Machine Company was never
a branch or subsidiary of Gramophone.
Johnson owned the factory and many
mechanical patents that were valuable in the patent pool agreement with Columbia. Thus, Victor and Columbia began
making flat records in America. UK Gramophone
and others continuing to do so outside America. Edison remained the only major player in the
making of cylinders and Emile Berliner, the inventor of flat records, didn’t
have a business any longer. All he was left with were the master recordings of
his earlier records, which he took to Canada and reformed his Berliner label in
Montreal. Berliner Gram-o-phone Company of Canada E. Berliner
Gramophone Early recordings were imported from masters
recorded in the United States until a recording studio in Montreal was
established in 1906. In February 1909 the company introduced new
labels featuring the famous trademark known as "His Master's Voice,"
generally referred to as HMV, to distinguish them from earlier labels which
featured an outline of the Recording Angel trademark. Nipper and “His Master’s Voice” The icon of the company, the dog Nipper was
to become very well known. It represents the picture of a dog listening to an
early gramophone painted in England by Francis Barraud. The painting "His
Master's Voice" was made in the 1890s with the dog listening to a wind-up
Edison-Bell Barraud visited The Gramophone Company supposedly
The slogan “His Master’s Voice” along with
the painting were sold to The Gramophone
Company The trademark itself was registered by
Berliner on July 10, 1900. In 1902, Eldridge Johnson of Victor Talking Machine Company acquired US rights to use it as the
Victor trademark, which began appearing on Victor records that year. UK rights
to the logo were reserved by Gramophone.
As Francis
Barraud stated about this famous painting: “It is difficult to say how the idea
came to me beyond that fact that it suddenly occurred to me that to have my dog
listening to the Phonograph, with an intelligent and rather puzzled expression,
and call it “His Master’s Voice” would make an excellent subject. We had a
phonograph and I often noticed how puzzled he was to make out where the voice
came from. It certainly was the happiest thought I ever had.” Technically,
since Gramophones did not record, the new version of the painting makes no
sense, as the dog would not have been able to listen to his master's voice (the
master being Barraud's deceased brother). Emile Berliner’s sons, Herbert and Edgar,
held senior management positions in the Berliner
Gramo-o-ph Edgar Berliner continued as chief executive
of Berliner Gram-o-phone (later
renamed Victor Talking Machine Company
of Canada). Ironically, Emile Berliner died in 1929, the same year RCA bought
out Victor, and Edgar Berliner resigned the following year. Today the original building of the Berliner Gram-o-phone company in rue
LaCasse hosts The Emile Berliner Museum,
documentin Berliner's
other inventions include a new type of loom for mass-production of cloth; an
acoustic tile; and an early version of the helicopter. Emile Berliner died of a heart
attack at the age of 78 and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington,
D.C., alongside his wife and a son.
Including extracts from Wikipedia. |
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Added by: webmaster Date: 2nd Feb 09 Views: 4224 Comments: 0 Bookmarked: 0 Category: Mechanical Music |
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